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The Programma 101, also known as Perottina, was the first commercial "desktop computer". Produced by Italian manufacturer Olivetti, based in Piedmont, and invented by the Italian engineer Pier Giorgio Perotto. It was launched at the 1964 New York World's Fair, volume production started in 1965. A futuristic design for its time, the Programma 101 was priced at $3,200〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title= Cyber Heroes: Camillo Olivetti )〕 ($23,000 if adjusted to 2011). About 44,000 units were sold, primarily in the US. It is usually called a printing programmable calculator or desktop calculator because three years later the Hewlett-Packard 9100A, a model that took inspiration from the P101, was advertised by HP as a "portable calculator", in order to be able to overcome the fears of computers〔 (【引用サイトリンク】 title= History of the 9100A desktop calculator, 1968 )〕 and be able to sell it to corporations without passing through the corporate computer department.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url= http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/calculators/1/62 )〕 The concept of "stored program", however, allows the Programma 101 to be considered a true computer.〔(), 2013, Olivetti Programma 101 "Perottina"〕 == Capabilities == The Programma 101 was able to calculate the basic four arithmetic functions (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division), plus square root, absolute value, and fractional part. Also clear, transfer, exchange, and stop for input. There were 16 jump instructions and 16 conditional jump instructions. It's the conditional jump instructions that help lay claim to "computer" (a state machine) rather than "calculator" (a simple enumerator of instructions). 32 label statements were available as destinations for the 32 jump instructions and/or the four start keys (V, W, Y, Z). Each full register held a 22-digit number with sign and decimal point. Its memory consisted of 10 registers: three for operations (M, A, R); two for storage (B, C); three for storage and/or program (assignable as needed: D, E, F); and two for program only (p1, p2). Five of the registers (B, C, D, E, F) could be subdivided into half-registers, containing an 11-digit number with sign and decimal point. When used for programming, each full register stored 24 instructions. So its most distinctive structural difference from later computers was that its instruction space and its data space were functionally separate. It printed programs and results onto a roll of paper tape, similar to calculator or cash register paper. Programming was similar to assembly language, but simpler, as there were fewer options. It directed the exchange between memory registers and calculation registers, and operations in the registers. The stored programs could be recorded onto plastic cards approximately 10 cm × 20 cm that had a magnetic coating on one side and an area for writing on the other. Each card could be recorded on two stripes, enabling it to store two programs. All ten registers were stored on the card, allowing programs to use up to ten stored 11-digit constants. The program to calculate logarithms occupied both stripes of one magnetic card. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Programma 101」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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